Русские стереотипы в английском языке. Топик Cultures and national stereotypes Стереотипы про ругань топик с переводом

Опубликовано: 26.02.2016

Стереотип – это навязчивая идея, которую люди имеют о том, что представляют собой отдельные социальные группы или личности, – особенно, если это неверное представление. Другие терминами, связанными с термином «стереотип», являются «предубеждение» и «клише». Этот термин имеет греческое происхождение: stereos означает – прочный или твердый, а typos означает – отпечаток, выгравированный или штамп. Этот термин впервые был использован в печатном производстве. В современном английском языке этот термин впервые был использован в 1850 году, означая «образ, сохраненный без изменения».

Так как стереотипы являются стандартизированными и упрощенными представлениями групп, основанными на неких предрассудках, они не получены из объективных фактов, но, скорее, субъективных и, часто, не поддающихся проверке мнениях. Как заявляет социолог Чарльз И. Хёрст: «Одной из причин стереотипов является недостаток личного, конкретного близкого общения людей с людьми других расовых и этнических групп».

Существование стереотипов может быть объяснено потребностью групп людей видеть себя более нормальными или более высокими по положению, чем другие группы. Следовательно, стереотипы могут быть использованы для оправдания необоснованных предрассудков или невежества, и препятствовать людям из групп, о которых сложилось стереотипное представление, входить в различные виды деятельности или сферы, или преуспевать в них. Группы, у которых сложилось стереотипное представление, обычно, неохотно пересматривают своё отношение и поведение по отношению к группам, о которых сложилось стереотипное представление.

Стереотипы могут отрицательно влиять на людей. Это включает формирование неточных и искаженных представлений и мнений людей. Стереотипы могут также быть использованы для поиска «козла отпущения» или создания общих ложных суждений о людях. Некоторые люди, подверженные стереотипным представлениям, могут чувствовать себя комфортно, когда они оберегают себя от эмоционального отождествления с группой, о которой сложилось стереотипное представление, что ведет к ксенофобскому или расистскому поведению. Наконец, другое серьёзное последствие стереотипов – это чувство приниженности, которое могут испытывать люди, о которых сложилось стереотипное представление, и которое может портить их поведение.

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A stereotype is a fixed idea that people have about what specific social groups or individuals are like, especially an idea that is wrong. Other terms that are associated with the term stereotype are prejudice and cliché . The term has a Greek origin: stereos means solid or firm and typos mean impression, engraved or mark . The term was first used in the printing business. The first modern English use of the term was in 1850, meaning “image perpetuated without change.”

Because stereotypes are standardized and simplified ideas of groups, based on some prejudices, they are not derived from objective facts, but rather subjective and often unverifiable ideas. As Sociologist Charles E. Hurst states “One reason for stereotypes is the lack of personal, concrete familiarity that individuals have with persons in other racial or ethnic groups.”

The existence of stereotypes may be explained by the need of groups of people to view themselves as more normal or more superior than other groups. Consequently, stereotypes may be used to justify ill-founded prejudices or ignorance and prevent people of stereotyped groups from entering or succeeding in various activities or fields. The stereotyping groups are, generally, reluctant to reconsider their attitudes and behavior towards stereotyped group.

Stereotypes may affect people negatively. This includes forming inaccurate and distorted images and opinions of people. Stereotypes may also be used for scapegoating or for making general erroneous judgments about people. Some stereotyping people may feel comfortable when they prevent themselves from emotional identification with the stereotyped group, which leads to xenophobic or racist behavior. Finally another serious consequence of stereotypes is the feeling of inferiority that the stereotyped people may have and which may impair their performance.

Источник английского текста: Wikipedia

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Словарик к тексту

idea – идея, мысль, представление, понятие, мнение, суждение, соображение, взгляд, точка зрения
fixed idea – навязчивая идея
specific – специфический; особый; отдельный
individual – индивидуум; лицо, личность, особа, человек
term – термин
associated – ассоциированный; связанный; объединенный
prejudice – предубеждение; предрассудок
cliché – клише; штамп
origin – происхождение
derived – выведенный; полученный; извлеченный
unverifiable – не поддающийся проверке; непроверяемый
familiarity – близкое общение; ознакомленность с (чем-л.); осведомлённость о (чём-л.)
consequently – следовательно; поэтому; в результате, вследствие
to justify – оправдывать; находить оправдание; извинять; объяснять
ill-founded – безосновательный, необоснованный; плохо аргументированный
ignorance – невежественность, невежество, необразованность; неведение, незнание
activity (множ. ч.: activities) – деятельность; мероприятие, мероприятия в какой-либо области; активность
field – поле; сфера; область
stereotyped group – группа, о которой сложилось стереотипное (предвзятое) представление
stereotyping group – группа, у которой сложилось стереотипное представление о чем-либо
generally – обычно, как правило; в целом
to reconsider – пересматривать; обдумывать заново
image – образ; представление (о чём-либо, о ком-либо)
scapegoating – поиск «козла отпущения»: свойство человеческой и групповой психологии перекладывать ответственность за ошибки, трудности и проблемы на группу лиц, обладающих определенными качествами; напр., определенной национальности (арабы, евреи) или сферы деятельности (бюрократы, политики)
erroneous – ложный; неверный; неправильный; ошибочный
finally – в заключение; в конечном счёте; в конце концов; наконец
inferiority – более низкое положение
impair – ухудшать; повреждать, портить
performance – действие; поступок; поведение

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It’s difficult to speak about a nation as a whole, as in every nation there are both good and bad, honest and dishonest people. Speaking about the national character of the English , one can note the following features:

conservatism;
pride;
love of their home and pets.

The English are very conservative . They have many customs and traditions. They distrust unusual things and like stability.

Their love of home is a symbol of personal independence. However, English people have a real passion for adventure . In the heart of every proud Englishman, there is always a beckoning call of the sea, a romantic craving for distant shores.

The English are considered a very curious nation. For example, in foreign countries, they like to try new cuisine. However, they will not cook new dishes at home, as they are very conservative.

The English are a bit sluggish but strong-spirited. They can easily bear cold and hunger, overcome pain and fear.

English people are extremely friendly and helpful. If you ask an Englishman how to get to the nearest library, he will be glad to show you the way using different “visual techniques”, repeating the same thing several times.

English people are hard working. They work extremely hard, but always find time for rest. Money is the idol of the English. Their first concern is to work hard to earn more.

In addition, the English have a great sense of humor. It is the ability to laugh at oneself. Humor is highly praised in Britain.

Английский национальный характер — тема на английском

Трудно говорить о нации в целом, так как в каждой стране есть хорошие и плохие, честные и нечестные люди. Говоря о национальном характере англичан, можно отметить следующие черты:

консерватизм,
гордость,
любовь к своему дому и домашним животным.

Англичане очень консервативны. У них много обычаев и традиций. Они не доверяют необычным вещам и любят стабильность.

Их любовь к дому является символом личной независимости. Однако у англичан есть и настоящая страсть к приключениям. В сердце каждого гордого англичанина - манящий призыв к морю, романтическая тяга к далеким берегам.

Англичане считаются очень любопытной нацией. Например, в зарубежных странах им нравится пробовать новую кухню. Однако они не будут готовить новые блюда дома, так как они очень консервативны.

Англичане тяжелы на подъем, но сильны духом. Они могут легко переносить холод и голод, преодолевать боль и страх.

Британцы очень дружелюбны и всегда рады помочь. Если вы спросите у англичанина, как добраться до ближайшей библиотеки, он будет рад показать вам путь, используя разные «визуальные методы», повторяя одно и то же по несколько раз.

Англичане трудолюбивы. Они много работают, но всегда находят время для отдыха. Деньги – главное для англичан. Они упорно трудятся, чтобы заработать больше.

Кроме того, у англичан отличное чувство юмора. Это способность смеяться над собой. Юмор высоко ценится в Великобритании.

A nation is a group of people who share common history and usually a language and usually, but not always, live in the same area. Culture can be described as our everyday life: how we communicate, what makes us happy and said. It also includes our language, religion, traditions, behavior, way of life – in other words, what we do each day. People that belong to various nations may differ and they always differ from one another.

For example, the Germans are regarded as scientifically-minded and industrious, they"re always considered solid, intelligent and mathematical. And, for instance, Israeli are believed to be mercenary, industrious, shrewd, loyal to family, religious. There is a big amount of examples we can list about national character of different people. Proving the difference of the national stereotypes I want to compare Russian and English nations. There are a lot of features that vary. The Russians are industrious, tough, brave, progressive and suspicious. They are always considered to be nationalistic, over - patriotic (because of this reason they"re good soldiers), we are willing to respect opinion of other people.

Speaking about Englishmen I may note that they"re reserved, tradition-loving, courteous, honest, extremely nationalistic and etc. To my mind, they have a specific sense of humor. They say that they can"t understand our jokes and anecdotes not only because of the different meanings of the words, but because of their humor is more delicate. Looking at these features of the Russians and the Englishmen it is not hard to mark out the differences. The Englishmen are reserved, but the Russians are open-hearted and communicative. The Englishmen are tradition-loving and the Russians, to my mind, don"t keep their traditions in such a degree. There is a great majority of factors that influence the nations stereotype and its people"s character. People that live in the southern countries have less problems than those who live in the North and because of this they"re more cheerful and artistic. The history also has a great influence on the national character. The peoples in Asia are revengeful because their forefathers often were at war with others. In Africa many countries were colonies of the Great Britain, Holland, Spain and so on and they (Africans) were the slaves and because of this they"re still hard-working and industrious. The National Character exists. It is not a myth, it"s a reality. But the National Character doesn"t describe the character of every person, it describes the character of people of nation in general. Every person has its own character, but according to the person"s belonging to some nation many traits of character are similar and these features may be explained as the national character.

Nationality Stereotypes

A stereotype is a fixed set of ideas that is generally held about the characteristics of a particular type of person which are wrongly believed to be shared by all the people of that type. In my opinion it is a dangerous thing to judge about a people or a group of people by existing stereotypes but nevertheless a certain stereotype does exist. There are experimental ways of investigating stereotypes. One of the most obvious is to ask a group of people what trades characterize the British, the Russians, the Americans. Results of such studies of the whole agree well with what might have been expected. English are said to be prim. Weather is the most important topic in the land. In English this is an ever – interesting, even thrilling topic and you must be good at discussing the weather. You must never contradict anybody when discussing the weather. Should it hail and snow, should hurricanes up root the trees, should someone remark to you "Nice day, isn’t it?" – answer without hesitation "Isn’t it lovely?" On the continent people either tell you the truth or lie, in Britain they hardly ever lie but they don’t tell you the truth either. The British like people of every country tend to be attributed with certain characteristics which are supposedly typical. However you should be cautious about accepting such characterizations too easily. Societies change over time while their reputations lag behind. Many things which are often regarded as typically British are no longer representative of modern life. One example of this is the popular belief that Britain is a land of traditions. This is what most tourist brochures claim. The claim is based on what can be seen in public life. And at this level – the level of public life it is undoubtedly true. However in private everyday lives the British as individuals are probably less inclined to follow traditions than other people of most other countries. According to the stereotypes English are also thought to be reserved, conservative, shy of strangers, suspicious of change and slow to accept new ideas, responsible, honest and unemotional. But I think this stereotype pictures are far from true, especially in today’s world.

Nationality stereotypes are often described in anecdotes, humorous stories, private diaries. For example American westerns are dynamic and thrilly. They show us men strength in fights, gun fighting and horse riding skills, but to my mind it was various that made American character. You can easily spot Americans abroad by their toughness. It comes from their sense of individual freedom. Americans realize that individuals must rely on themselves, otherwise they risk to loose their freedom. So, self-reliance usually is the second trade and moral value supposed to be obligatory to a true American. The third national value accounts for their confident and unaffected manners. The fourth American value is competition. Sixty percent of the Americans believe in competition and so desire to win is healthy. In spite of the fact that society can’t consist only of winners the Americans are optimistic. They believe that every problem has a solution. The fifth national value is material wealth. Most Americans believe wealth is a reward for hard work and that it’s possible to have good standard of living if a person works hard. God helps those who help themselves – says the proverb. The sense of humor is often the most revealing aspect of a culture. Surely, humor has never been valued more highly in any other civilization than in this one.

The Russian are considered to be industries, tough, brave and progressive. These stereotypes are derived from books, films and other cultural media. As any nation the Russians have both positive and negative qualities. On the one hand, people who belong to this nationality are hard-working, willing to respect the opinion of other people. They regard other racial or ethnic groups as equal. They are fond of being with other people, enjoying social life, hospitable to foreigners. On the other hand sometimes they are inclined to cheat and unwilling to respect the views, ideas, opinions opposite to their own. This is my point of view on this problem.

I also would like to say stereotypes are a part of human life though they may present one sided exaggerated view of religion, racial ethnic groups of people as well as of classes of people. Stereotypes are certainly not reliable description of individual people but they still exist.

Nationality Stereotypes A stereotype is a fixed set of ideas that is generally held about the characteristics of a particular type of person which are wrongly believed to be shared by all the people of that type. In my opinion it is a dangerou

There are certain stereotypes of national character which are well known in Britain. For instance, the Irish are supposed to be great talkers, the Scots have a reputation for being careful with money, the Welsh are renowned for their singing abilities, and the English are considered to be reserved. These characteristics are, of course, only caricatures and are not reliable description of individual people from these countries.

British people give a relatively high value to the everyday personal contacts. Some writers on Britain have talked about the British desire ’to belong’, and it is certainly true that the pub, or the working man’s club, or the numerous other clubs devoted to various sports and pastimes play a very important part in many people’s lives. Many people make their social contacts through work and, partly as a result of this, the profession is also important aspect of their sense of identity. British people try to appear as if they belong to as high class as possible, though nobody wants to be thought of as ’snobbish’.

The British have few living traditions and are too individualistic to have the same everyday habits as each other. They are rather proud of being different. However, this does not mean that they like change. They don’t. They may not behave in traditional ways, but they like symbols of tradition and stability. The British are rather conservative and their conservatism can combine with their individualism. Why should they change just to be like everyone else? Indeed, as far as they are concerned, not being like everyone else is a good reason not to change. Their driving on the left-hand side of the road is a good example to this. Systems of measurement are another example. The British government has been trying for many years to get British people to use the same scales that are used nearly everywhere else in the world. But everybody in Britain still shops in pounds and ounces.

The modern British are not really chauvinistic. Open hostility to people from other countries is very rare. If there is any chauvinism at all, it expresses itself through ignorance. Most British people know remarkably little about Europe and who lives there. The popular image of Europe seems to be that it is something to do with the French.

It is probably true that the British, especially the English, are more reserved than the people of many other countries. They find it comparatively difficult to indicate friendship by open displays of affection. For example, it is not the convention to kiss when meeting a friend. Instead, friendship is symbolised by behaving as casually as possible.

The British are comparatively uninterested in clothes. They spend a lower proportion of their income on clothing than people in most European countries do. Many people buy second-hands clothes and are not at all embarrassed to admit this. Of course, when people are ’on duty’, they have to obey some quite rigid rules. A male bank employee, for example, is expected to wear a suit with a tie at work. But on Sundays the British like to “dress down”. They can’t wait to take off their respectable working clothes and slip into something really scruffy. In fact, the British are probably more tolerant of strange’ clothing than people in most other countries.

The English people are great pet lovers. Practically every family has a dog or a cat, or both. They have special dog shops selling food, clothes and other things for dogs. There are dog hairdressing saloons and dog cemeteries. Millions of families have ’bird-tables’ in their gardens. Perhaps, this overall concern for animals is part of the British love for nature.

The British are always talking about the weather. Unlike many others, this stereotype is actually true to life. But constant remarks about the weather at chance meetings are not the result of polite conventions. They are not obligatory. Rather, they are the result of the fact that, on the one hand, to ask personal questions would be rude while, at the same time, silence would also be rude. The weather is a very convenient topic with which to ’fill the gap’.

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Русские стереотипы в английском языке. Топик Cultures and national stereotypes Стереотипы про ругань топик с переводом

Английский национальный характер — тема на английском

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